General MIDI

Wikipedia:

General MIDI or GM is a standardized specification for music synthesizers that respond to MIDI messages. GM was developed by the MIDI Manufacturers Association (MMA) and the Japan MIDI Standards Committee (JMSC) and first published in 1991. The official specification is available in English from the MMA, bound together with the MIDI 1.0 specification, and in Japanese from the Association of Musical Electronic Industry (AMEI).

GM imposes several requirements beyond the more abstract MIDI 1.0 specification. While MIDI 1.0 by itself provides a communications protocol which ensures that different instruments can interoperate at a fundamental level (e.g., that pressing keys on a MIDI keyboard will cause an attached MIDI sound module to play musical notes), GM goes further in two ways: it requires that all GM-compatible synthesizers meet a certain minimal set of features, such as being able to play at least 24 notes simultaneously (polyphony), and it attaches specific interpretations to many parameters and control messages which were left under-specified in the MIDI 1.0 spec, such as defining instrument sounds for each of the 128 possible program numbers.

GM synthesizers are required to be able to:

Parameter interpretations

GM Instruments must also obey the following conventions for program and controller events:

Program change events

In MIDI, the instrument sound or "program" for each of the 16 possible MIDI channels is selected with the Program Change message, which has a Program Number parameter. The following table shows which instrument sound corresponds to each of the 128 possible Program Numbers for GM only. Note that for purposes of computer programming, this table should start at 0 instead of 1 and thus use all of the 7-bit range (0-127) allowed by the MIDI Program Change message. It should also be noted that some MIDI devices display these Program Numbers as shown in the table (1-128), whereas others show the range as actually coded in the Program Change message (0-127).

Melodic sounds

Piano

Chromatic Percussion

Organ

Guitar

Bass

Strings

Ensemble

Brass

Reed

Pipe

Synth Lead

Synth Pad

Synth Effects

Ethnic

Percussive

Sound effects

Percussion

In GM, MIDI channel 10 is reserved for percussion instruments only. Notes played on channel 10 always produce percussion sounds regardless of any Program Change messages or Program Numbers that may have been sent on channel 10. Each of the 128 different possible note numbers is interpreted as a separate, different instrument, and the percussion sound's pitch is not related to the note number:

Controller events

In MIDI, adjustable parameters for each of the 16 possible MIDI channels may be set with the Control Change message, which has a Control Number parameter and a Control Value parameter. GM also specifies which operations should be performed by multiple Control Numbers:

1 Modulation wheel 7 Vome 10 Pan 11 Expression 64 Sustain pedal 100 Registered Parameter Number LSB 101 Registered Parameter Number MSB 121 All controllers off 123 All notes off

RPN

GM defines several Registered Parameters, which act like Controllers but are addressed in a different way. In MIDI, every Registered Parameter is assigned a Registered Parameter Number or RPN. Registered Parameters are usually called RPNs for short.

Setting Registered Parameters requires sending (numbers are decimal):

The following global Registered Parameter Numbers (RPNs) are standardised (the parameter is specified by RPN LSB/MSB pair and the value is set by Data Entry LSB/MSB pair):

0,0 Pitch bend range 1,0 Channel Fine tuning 2,0 Channel Coarse tuning

For example: RPN control sequence to set coarse tuning to A440 (parm 2, value 64): 101:0, 100:2, 6:64, 101:127, 100:127

System Exclusive messages

Two GM System Exclusive ("SysEx") messages are defined: one to enable and disable General MIDI compatibility mode (for synthesizers that also have non-GM modes); and the other to set the synthesizer's master volume.

GS extensions

A superset of the General MIDI standard, added several proprietary extensions. The most notable addition was the ability to address multiple banks of programs (instrument sounds) by using an additional pair of Bank Select controllers to specify up to 16384 'variation' sounds (cc#0 is Bank Select MSB, and cc#32 is Bank Select LSB). Other most notable features were 9 Drum kits with 14 additional drum sounds each, Control Change messages for controlling the send level of sound effect blocks (cc#91-94), entering additional parameters (cc#98-101), portamento, sostenuto, soft pedal (cc#65-67), and model-specific SysEx messages for setting various parameters of the synth engine.

GS was introduced with the Roland Sound Canvas line, which was also Roland's first General MIDI synth module.

General MIDI Level 2

In 1999, the official GM standard was updated to include more controllers, patches, RPNs and SysEx messages, in an attempt to reconcile the conflicting and proprietary Roland GS and Yamaha XG additions. Here's a quick overview of the GM2 changes in comparison to GM/GS:

Additional melodic instruments can be accessed by setting CC#0 to 121 and then using CC#32 to select the bank before a Program Change.

Official MIDI Standards Organizations