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All Music Guide:
Birmingham techno artist Anthony Child rapidly built a solid and, to a certain extent, innovative catalog of minimal dancefloor techno since his Surgeon releases first appeared in 1991. Compared favorably with Detroit original Jeff Mills from his earliest Downwards singles on forward, Child's tracks were a mainstay in the popular Motor City DJ's sets. Although Surgeon releases worked an increasing affectation for acid and trance, an economy of sound and basic hardness combined his and Mills' sound. A noted and popular DJ himself, Child grokked his skills from hip-hop and electro jocks ("Tour de France" was a staple of his DJ sets). He filled out his style with a driving toughness and appreciation for rapid cutting and flipping.
Surgeon's entry into production was also noteworthy; urged on by producer Mick Harris (Child was a fan of Harris' Scorn project), the former Napalm Death drummer locked Child in his tiny studio, imploring him to "go mad." The result, the self-titled debut EP, was released on Downwards, and was instantly hailed as some of the highest quality U.K. techno of its time. Releases for Soma, Blueprint, Ideal Trax, and the ultra-exclusive Tresor label followed, with the debut LP Basic Tonal Vocabulary appearing on Tresor in 1997. Balance followed in 1998, as did Force + Form in 1999. Equally influenced by early electro-pop innovators like Tomita and YMO, experimental groups like Can, Faust, and Suicide, and the tough grit of American electro and techno (Robert Hood, Hashim), Surgeon's mash-up was both straightforward and subtly experimental.
Throughout the following decade, Child remained active, if not quite as prolific. Dynamic Tension and Counterbalance, two labels he established during the late '90s, became the outlets for much of his solo production work -- which was as stripped-down and challenging as ever -- as well as his collaborations with Karl O'Connor as British Murder Boys. He remained an in-demand DJ and provided commercial mixes for Warp (2007's This Is for You Shits) and Fabric (2010's Fabric 53).
Wikipedia:
In Medicine, a surgeon is a specialist in surgery. Surgery is a broad category of invasive medical treatment that involves the cutting of a body, whether that of a human or other animal, for a specific reason such as the removal of diseased tissue or to repair a tear or breakage. Surgeons may be physicians, dentists, podiatrists or veterinarians.
Minimally invasive procedures such as the procedures of interventional radiology are sometimes described as "minimally invasive surgery." The field traditionally described as interventional neuroradiology, for instance, is increasingly called neurointerventional surgery.
Robotic surgery is an area of growing interest.
A study in the United States came to the result that surgeons in private practice had higher levels of distress and lower career satisfactions than those practicing in an academic setting.
In the U.S., surgeons train for longer than other specialists; only after 9 years of training do they qualify. These years include 4 years of medical school and a minimum of 5 years of residency.
History
In early recorded history, surgery was mostly associated with barber surgeons who were both haircutting barbers who also used their cutting tools to undertake surgical procedures, often an the battlefield and also for their royal paymasters. With advances in medicine and physiology, the professions of barbers and surgeons diverged from each other and by the 19th century barber surgeons had virtually disappeared. In 1950, the Royal College of Surgeons of England (RCS) in London began to offer surgeons a formal status via RCS membership. The title Mister became a badge of honour, and today after someone graduates from medical school with the degrees MBBS or MB ChB, (or variants thereof) in these countries they are called "Doctor" until they are able, after at least four years' training, to obtain a surgical qualification: formerly Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons but also Member of the Royal College of Surgeons or a number of other diplomas, they are given the honour of being allowed to revert back to calling themselves Mr, Miss, Mrs or Ms in the course of their professional practice, but this time the meaning is different. Patients in the UK may assume that the change of title implies Consultant status (and some mistakenly think non-surgical consultants are Mr too), but the length of postgraduate medical training outside North America is such that a Mr (etc.) may be years away from obtaining such a post: many doctors used to obtain these qualifications in the Senior House Officer grade, and remain in that grade when they began sub-specialty training. The distinction of Mr (etc) is also used by surgeons in the Republic of Ireland, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa and some other Commonwealth countries.
Specialties and allied fields
The Gross Clinic, 1875, Philadelphia Museum of Art and the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine ArtsCardiac surgery (in the USA considered part of cardiothoracic surgery)Colon and rectal surgeryDental surgeryOral and maxillofacial surgeryTransplant surgeryUpper gastrointestinal surgeryVascular surgeryMaxillofacial surgeryNeurological surgeryObstetrics and gynaecologyOrthopaedic surgeryOphthalmologyOtolaryngologyPediatric surgeryPlastic surgeryPodiatric surgerySurgical oncologyTrauma surgeryThoracic surgery (in the USA considered part of cardiothoracic surgery)UrologyVeterinary surgeryThere are only about 1200 transplant surgeons.
Some medical doctors who are general practitioners or specialists in family medicine or emergency medicine may perform limited ranges of minor, common, or emergency surgery. Anesthesia often accompanies surgery, and anesthesiologists and nurse anesthetists may oversee this aspect of surgery. First assistants, surgical nurses, surgical technologists and operating department practitioners are trained professionals who support surgeons.
